Morrison Feeds And Feeding Book

I picked this book up at a used book store for $5 dollars. I did not realize how much it would become part of our farm. This book turned out to be the bible of feeding animals. Horses, mules, dairy cattle, beef cattle, goats, sheep, and swine are covered in extensive detail. It was first published in 1898 and continued until 1950 with many editions, each incorporating the latest new research in the animal feeding research field.

morrison feeds and feeding book

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My edition is over 1000 pages of beautiful, smooth paper with the classic glossy poster type photographs throughout the book. It is broadly divided into the fundamentals, feeding stuffs, and the feeding of the individual animals. Each type of farm animal has its own chapter broken down into feeds, feeding, and general care.

Feeding farm animals is a process of priority decision-making involving at least two general conditions. The first is an abundance of food material which is not in a usable form or aesthetically acceptable as human food, and the second is a surplus of food material accompanied by a standard of living sufficiently high that the nutrient losses involved in feeding animals are compensated for by the increased desirability and nutritional excellence of foods of animal origin.Decisions relevant to the first set of conditions include determining the optimum numbers and kinds of animals that can be productively supported by the available feedstuffs. Efforts should be made to maximize production; but also to allocate nutrient supplies in a competitive situation for the maximum benefit to the society concerned. These decisions are among the most critical that civilization faces today.Decisions can be made only on the basis of reliable information concerning the composition of all feed materials used in animal feeding. This information is fundamental in assigning priorities to the use of available feed supplies in animal agriculture.1.1 International Network of Feed Information Centre (INFIC)German documentation began in 1949 and the United States began in 1952. Although there was some contact between the two centres for several years, it was not possible to combine or adapt the systems to each other. Personnel at the Utah (United States) centre contacted FAO concerning the need for world cooperation. FAO, in turn, sent a consultant to review on-going international activities in the fields of feed data collection and methods for retrieval of these data, and to report on possibilities for collaboration on an international basis. The report (Alderman, 1971) enumerated the value of a collaborative effort in this field, both to developing countries and to animal production at the international level and recommended that FAO act as the coordinator for international activities in collection of data on feed composition and its summarization and dissemination.The first consultation meeting was held in 1971, in Rome. At that time representatives from several feed information services formed the International Network of Feed Information Centre (INFIC Publication 1, 1977). Members (besides FAO) were: Australian Feed Information Centre, Sydney, Australia; Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada; International Feedstuffs Institute, Utah State University, Utah, U.S.A.;. US AID Feed Composition Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A., and Universität Hohenheim, Dokumentationsstelle, Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany.Since then, meetings of the INFIC group have been held annually, and the following centres have joined INFIC: The Arab Centre for Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands (ACSAD), Damascus, Syria; College of Fisheries, Aquaculture Division, University of Washington, U.S.A.; The International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Institute d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux (IEMVT), Maisons-Alfort, France; the Latin American Programme for Feed and Feeding Systems, at the Institute Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas (IICA), San Jose, Costa Rica; and the Tropical Products Institute (TPI), London, United Kingdom. In the meantime, the US AID Feed Composition Project in Florida has been terminated and its responsibilities were transferred to the Utah Centre. Participation by other feed information services throughout the world is encouraged by INFIC. All centres function independently with regard to financing, personnel, data retrieval, research and publications.2. AN INTERNATIONAL FEED NOMENCLATURE 2.1 Classes of Feeds by Composition and Usage 2.2 International Feed Description 2.3 Short Feed Names 2.4 Official Country Names

Naming and describing feeds for data processing must be carried out systematically. This means that a precise nomenclature had to be established. This nomenclature contains controlled terms (descriptors) which constitute the "International Feed Vocabulary". These descriptors are used for coining the international names of feed. Thus, the nomenclature can be expanded by combining the existing descriptors.Many of the by-products arising from the preparation of human food are suitable for animal feeds. As new technology develops for processing human foods, additional by-products are constantly being introduced. Unless well-defined guidelines are established for naming these products, confusion will reign. Many grain products are changed by subjecting them to some form of mechanical process; e.g., blending, grinding, pelleting, and steam or dry rolling. This often results in an alteration in the nutritive value of feeds. Generally, these changes increase nutritive values resulting in increased efficiency of animal production. However, this complicates the task of precisely naming these materials. The names of many feeds are controlled officially by regulation in the U.S.A., Canada and the European Community. These names include descriptions of processes used in their manufacture and may include guarantees of quality. Such names, however, are usually common or trade names and do not describe the feed accurately.In reviewing the literature, more than 20 percent of the common names were found to be different names (synonyms) for the same product from different areas of the world. This complicates the identification of feeds. A new international system was proposed by Harris (1963) and Harris et al. (1968) to overcome inconsistencies in naming feeds. This system was modified and is now known as the International Feed Vocabulary.Using this vocabulary, over 18 000 feeds have been recorded and given International Feed Descriptions or Names in English, German and French. Portuguese and Spanish versions are being prepared. These International Feed Names are now in wide use.The International Feed Vocabulary is designed to give a comprehensive name to each feed as concisely as possible. Each feed name is coined by using descriptors taken from one or more of six facets.Facet 1: Origin. The origin or parent materials may be one of three types:(i) plantsspecific (barley, oats, coconut, soybeans)non specific (cereals, grass, meadow) (ii) animalsspecific (cattle, chickens, swine)non specific (animal, poultry, fish) (iii) minerals, chemical products, drugs and others.For specific plants and animals, each descriptor of this facet is composed of:(i) scientific name (ii) common name.Feeds should be described by their common names at up to three levels as far as this is possible. The first level should be the generic name; e.g., cattle, fish, clover, wheat, etc. The second level should be more specific (such as breed or kind); e.g., Hereford, cod red (clover), winter (wheat), etc. The third level should list other important characteristics (such as strain; e.g., Delmar) (see Table 1).Facet 2: Part Fed to Animals as Affected by Process (es). This component of the feed description represents the actual part of the parent material fed. In the past, the edible parts of plants and animals were obvious such as leaves, stems, seeds, meat trimmings, or bones. Today, due to the extensive fractionation of plant seeds and the reconstitution of many of the parts into new processed foods, innumerable by-products are available for animal feeding.Each part has to be described unambiguously by a descriptor, the use of which is defined as far as necessary.Table 1 International Feed Description: Origin (Examples)With Specific OrigingenusBosGadusTrifoliumTriticumspeciesTaurusMorrhuaPratenseAestivumLevel 1 generic nameCattleFishCloverWheatLevel 2 breed or kindHerefordCodRedWinterLevel 3 strain---DelmarWith Non Specific OriginLevel 1 generic nameAnimalGrassPoultryMeadow plantsLevel 2 breed or kind----Level 3 strain----The above are examples of feeds with specific origins. Some feeds may have no specific origin, and are described by their common name; e.g., animal, grass, poultry, meadow grass.Minerals, drugs and chemicals are listed according to the nomenclature of CRC (1968). The chemical formula are designated where applicable.Examples of International Feed Descriptions or Names with parts are given in Table 2.Table 2 International Feed Description: Origin + Part (Examples)genusBosGadusTrifoliumTriticumspeciesTaurusMorrhuaPratenseAestivumgenericCattleFishCloverWheatbreed or kindHerefordCodRedWinterstrain---DelmarpartMilkWholeAerial partGrainFacet 3: Process (es) and Treatment (s). Many processes may be used in the preparation of a feed for consumption and some of these may significantly alter their nutritional value. Heat may damage some nutrients and, conversely, it may make others nutritionally more available. Pelleting increases consumption while grinding may affect digestibility of protein and carbohydrates.It is important, then, that a feeder be aware of the processes to which a feed has been subjected. Also, the type of animal and its physiology must be considered relative to these factors. Therefore, origin and part terms are followed by those distinguishing the different methods of processing which are used alone or combined; such as separating, reducing size or thermal. The term dehydrated (descriptor: DEHY) when applied to AERIAL PART means feeds which are artificially dried. Similarly, FAN AIR DRIED indicates the AERIAL PART (hay) dried indoors by air convection.The term, mechanically extracted (MECH EXTD) has been used rather than expeller extracted, hydraulic extracted, or old process.Table 3 International Feed Description: Origin + Part + Process (Examples)genusBosGadusTrifoliumTriticumspeciesTaurusMorrhuaPratenseAestivumgenericCattleFishCloverWheatbreed or kindHerefordCodRedWinterstrain---DelmarpartMilkWhole or cuttingsAerial partGrainprocessBoiledMech Extd Dehy GroundEnsiledGroundExamples of International Feed Descriptions with processes are given in Table 3.Facet 4: Stage of Maturity or Development. Although stage of maturity may be unimportant or may not even apply to many feeds such as grain by-products, it is probably the most important factor influencing the nutritive value of forages. There is an optimal stage of maturity for forage crops beyond which lignification or the reduction of the ratio of leaf to stem greatly reduces digestibility. Examples of International Feed Descriptions with stage of maturity for plants and animals are given in Table 4.Facet 5: Cutting. Many forage crops are cut and harvested several times during the year. Each cutting has a unique nutrient content as well as characteristic physical properties. The descriptor for cutting refers to the sequence of cutting from the first to the last during the year (cut 1, cut 2, etc.). The maturity terms refer to stage of growth or of regrowth and, therefore, must be considered within the limits of cutting.In tropical and subtropical areas, crops may be cut throughout the year, particularly if they are irrigated.Table 4 International Feed Description: Origin + Fart + Process + Maturity + Cut (Examples)genusGallusGadusTrifoliumDigitariaspeciesDomesticusMorrhuaPratenseDecumbensgeneric nameChickenFishCloverPangolagrassbreed or kindLeghornCodRed-strain----partWholeWholeAerial partAerial partprocessFreshBoiledDehyEnsiledmaturityDay old-Early bloom28-42 days' growthcut--Cut 1Cut 2The time to start counting cuttings for non-irrigated forages would be the first rainy season. For irrigated forages, the count should start from the first crop.Since stage of maturity is more important than cutting data, the various cuts for forages are sometimes combined with the stage of maturity when data are summarized for feed composition tables. Examples of International Feed Descriptions with cuttings are given in Table 5.Table 5genusGlycineMedicagoGadusspeciesMaxSativaMorrhuageneric nameSoybeanAlfalfaFishbreed or kind--Codstrain-Ranger-partSeeds without oilAerial partWholeprocessSolv ExtdDehyBoiledmaturity---cut-Cut 1-gradeMore than 44% protein17% protein-Facet 6: Grade. Some commercial feeds and feed ingredients are given official grades on the basis of their composition and other quality characteristics. Such feeds are sold on a quality description basis in accordance with their official gradings. Thus, these grades and quality designations must be included as a definitive component in the description of the feed. These guarantees for various attributes are expressed in terms of "MORE THAN" (minimum) and "LESS THAN" (maximum) of some percentage of crude fibre, protein, fat, etc. LOW GOSSYPOL is an example of a quality grade. These guarantees and quality are used as descriptors in this facet. Examples of International Feed Descriptions with grade are given in Table 5.2.1 Classes of Feeds by Composition and UsageFeeds are grouped into eight classes on the basis of their composition in the way they are used for formulating diets (Table 6).By necessity these classes are arbitrary, and in borderline cases the feed is assigned to a class according to the most common use made of it in usual feeding practice. For instance, some bran samples may contain over 18 percent fibre and more than 20 percent protein and yet are classed as forages because they are normally used in this way.Table 6 Classes of Feeds by Composition and Usage Code Class Description 1/ 1 Dry forages and roughages Hay; straw; fodder (aerial part); stover (aerial part without ears, without husks or aerial part without heads); other products with more than 18 percent crude fibre (dry basis); HULLS This class includes all forages and roughages cut and cured. Forages or roughages are low in net energy per unit weight, usually because of the high fibre content. Thus, such products as SEED COATS, PODS, rice BRAN, etc. are included in this group. 2 Pasture, range plants, and forages fed green Included in this group are all forage feeds either not cut (including feeds cured on the stem) or cut and fed fresh. 3 Silages This class includes only ensiled forages (MAIZE, ALFALFA, GRASS, etc.), but not ensiled FISH, GRAIN, ROOTS and TUBERS. 4 Energy feeds Included in this group are products with less than 20 percent protein (dry basis) and less than 18 percent crude fibre (dry basis) as, for example, FISH, GRAIN, mill by-products, 5 Protein supplements This class includes products which contain 20 percent or more of protein (dry basis) from animal origin (including ensiled products) as well as oil meals, GLUTEN, etc. 6 Mineral supplements 7 Vitamin supplements (including ensiled yeast) 8 Additives This class includes further feed supplements as antibiotics, colouring materials, flavours, hormones and medicants. 1/ Short feed names are used with or without the genus, species or variety2.2 International Feed DescriptionAn international feed description is composed of the previously described six facets and descriptors within the facets. The feed descriptions are maintained in an "International Feed Description Name File".A six-digit "International Feed Number" (IFN) is assigned to each feed description. The first digit of this IFN denotes the class of feed. This reference number is used in computer programmes to identify the feed for use in calculating diets, summarization of the data, for printing feed composition tables and for retrieving on-line data for calculating diets for maximum profit.A complete International Feed Description consists of all descriptors applicable to that feed. It is numerically identified by the IFN. This is illustrated by examples in Table 7.Table 7 Examples of International Feed DescriptionsComponentsFeed no. 1Feed no. 2Feed no. 3Feed no. 4Feed no. 5Feed no. 6Specific OriginClass 1Class 2Class 3Class 4Class 5Class 6genusTrifoliumAvenaMedicagoZeaBoxMagnesiumspeciesPratenseSativaSativaMaysTaurusCarbonatevariety---Indentata--genericCloverOatsAlfalfaMaizeCattleMagnesiumbreed or kindRed--DentGuernseyCarbonatestrain---Yellow-MgCO3partAerial partAerial partAerial partGrainMilk-processSun-curedFreshEnsiledDehySpray dehyGroundmaturityLate vegetativeEarly bloomEarly bloom---cuttingCut 2-Cut 1---grade---Grade 2 695 G/L--International Feed Number1-02-3952-03-2873-07-8442-03-9315-08-6266-02-754Non Specific OriginClass 1Class 2Class 3Class 4Class 5Class 6genusMeadow plantsGrassLegumeBakeryAnimalRock phosphatespeciesInter-mountain-----variety------Non Specific OriginClass 1Class 2Class 3Class 4Class-5Class 6genericMeadow plantsGrassLegumeBakeryAnimalRock phosphatebreed or kindInter-mountain-----strain------partAerial partAerial partAerial partWasteBlood-processSun-curedFreshEnsiledDehySpray dehyGroundmaturityLate bloomEarly bloom----cuttingCut 1-----grade------International Feed Number1-09-1762-08-4313-07-7964-00-4665-00-3816-03-9452.3 Short Feed NamesShort names are used for Feed Composition Tables, compiled for use in particular countries or regions, when it is inconvenient to use the longer and more precise International Feed Description; however, the Short dame cannot be used for describing a feed when adding material to the feed data bank.2.4 Official Country NamesIn some countries feeds have been given official names. Usually, these names are not used as international feed descriptions because they are either incomplete or do not begin with the origin or parent material. However, they are used as additional names to relate the country name to the international feed description. In feed tables, these names may be listed after the short feed names for a given country or region. Examples of country names are given in Table 8.3. THE SYSTEMATIC COLLECTION AND RECORDING OF DATA ON FEED COMPOSITION 3.1 The International Source Form 3.2 Information Provided In Source Form

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